“You insist that there is something a machine cannot do. If you will tell me precisely what it is that a machine cannot do, then I can always make a machine which will do just that!”Référence à la thèse de Church-Turing.
Von Newman
“The chess machine is an ideal one to start with, since: (1) the problem is sharply defined both in allowed operations (the moves) and in the ultimate goal (checkmate); (2) it is neither so simple as to be trivial nor too difficult for satisfactory solution; (3) chess is generally considered to require ‘thinking’ for skillful play; a solution of this problem will force us either to admit the possibility of a mechanized thinking or to further restrict our concept of ‘thinking’; (4) the discrete structure of chess fits well into the digital nature of modern computers. … It is clear then that the problem is not that of designing a machine to play perfect chess (which is quite impractical) nor one which merely plays legal chess (which is trivial). We would like to play a skillful game, perhaps comparable to that of a good human player.”
Problème : explosion combinatoire
il a perdu !
“Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it.”
(defun factorial (n)
(if (= n 0) 1
(* n (factorial (- n 1)))))
Personne : Prends un gros bloc rouge. SHRDLU : OK. Personne : Attrape la pyramide. SHRDLU : Je ne comprends pas de quelle pyramide vous parlez. Personne (changeant d’avis) : Trouve un bloc plus grand que celui que tu tiens et mets-le dans la boîte. SHRDLU : Par « le », je suppose que vous voulez dire « le bloc plus grand que celui que je tiens ». SHRDLU : OK. Personne : Que contient la boîte ? SHRDLU : La pyramide bleue et le bloc.
parent(jorge, andres).
parent(andres, felipe).
grandparent(X,Y) :- parent(X, Z), parent(Z, Y).
? grandparent(jorge,_).
%true
%il y a assez d'information pour dire
%que jorge a un grandparent connu.
%Hypothèse du monde clos → il n'y a pas assez d'information
%pour arriver à une conclusion -> false
? grandparent(andres,_).
%false
%Négation par l'échec appuyé sur l'hypothèse du monde clos
? not(grandparent(andres,_)).
%true
IF-NEEDED
IF-ADDED
x < y | x se déroule avant y |
x M y | x rencontre y (meet) |
x O y | x rencontre y (overlap) |
x S y | x démarre y (start) |
x D y | x se déroule pendant y (during) |
x F y | x termine y (finish) |
x = y | x se déroule avant y |